At the tail end of the 1960s many Hollywood celebrities became personally concerned by the rising unrest in America. A new generation of filmmakers and stars no longer had to fear blacklisting, and the openness of the new ratings system made the inclusion of overt political content in films more acceptable. Fresh from his success in Butch Cassidy and The Sundance Kid, Paul Newman decided to produce Robert Stone's provocative thriller about political extremism, A Hall Of Mirrors. After spending almost $5 million on location in New Orleans, Newman's company returned with a film nobody liked. Paramount re-titled it WUSA in the vain hope of attracting the audience for Robert Altman's M*A*S*H, but the picture became one of Paul Newman's biggest flops.

A number of rootless individuals are adrift in New Orleans. The good-hearted Geraldine (Woodward) is a sometime prostitute; she carries a bad facial scar from an unfortunate encounter. The crippled Philomene (Cloris Leachman) likes Geraldine and loans her space in her apartment. Disturbed ex- Peace Corps volunteer Rainey (Anthony Perkins) takes a job making a survey of welfare recipients. He enjoys shooting photos in the poorer parts of town but senses that something is not right about his job. The local "boss" Clotho (Moses Gunn) seems to know more about the survey than Rainey does. He lets the awkward Rainey go about his business, even though the information he gathers about the welfare cases makes little sense.

Journeyman radio announcer Rheinhardt (Paul Newman) arrives in town and heads straight for the bars. When a local pimp threatens Geraldine for working independently, Rheinhardt picks her up and they take an apartment in Rainey's building. Rheinhardt finds an announcer job at WUSA, a station that claims to speak "with a point of view" for what it calls Real Americans. Despite his ever-present thermos of booze, Reinhardt performs professionally, giving the station's slanted news copy the desired conservative spin. Station owner Bingamton (Pat Hingle) envisions him as a fresh voice for his political movement, a reactionary take-back of the country. Bingamton keeps alluding to a new wave that will come sooner than anyone expects.

Rainey challenges Rheinhardt on the twisted politics of his employers, but the alcoholic DJ refuses to engage in a debate. Geraldine sympathizes with the fragile Rainey, who has discovered that Bingamton has commissioned the bogus survey to inflame the public about welfare cheaters. The WUSA scheme is to cut off state benefits and "starve" the poorer, and mostly black, population out of New Orleans. The radio station sponsors a rally in a large stadium to promote its conservative candidates. Geraldine attends, and Rheinhardt takes his place on the dais with Bingamton and his political cronies. While a brass band plays and costumed gunmen act out a symbolic shootout on the stadium floor, Rainey climbs into the high rafters ... with a gun.

WUSA never delivers on its promise to become a political thriller. The script focuses on a group of unhappy outsiders on the fringe of a barely-glimpsed conspiracy. The screen time spent in examining the believable characters played by stars Newman and Joanne Woodward seems unrelated to the story's center of interest. Geraldine describes herself as "too dumb for the phone company and too old for the five and dime." Rheinhardt simply ignores the deal-making he sees back at the station; when Rainey challenges him to show a conscience, his response is to turn hostile. As much as this mess of disenchantment and apathy reflects reality, it only frustrates the audience; we keep expecting Newman's Rheinhardt to find his moral footing and stop being so passive.

Newman and his director Stuart Rosenberg (Cool Hand Luke) retain most of the book's characters, using too many good actors in roles that contribute little to the story. Clifton James (a sailor), Tol Avery and Skip Jones (politicians), Bruce Cabot and Robert Quarry (glimpsed only briefly) and Michael Anderson Jr. (a hippie musician in a full beard) are admittedly colorful, but little else. As a crooked preacher, Laurence Harvey adds sparkle to a couple of scenes and Wayne Rogers has a fine scene arguing with the irate Anthony Perkins in a Playboy Club. But too many of the characters are given too little to do, like Cloris Leachman's interesting Philomene. The narrative disconnect in this movie is severe.

The WUSA conspiracy probably seemed far-fetched in 1970, but today plays like business as usual: a political coalition uses the power of radio to spread a dishonest and deceitful message. The underworld boss Clotho has apparently been paid off to cooperate with the fake welfare survey. Pat Hingle's Bingamton, a powerful man with several elected officials at his beck and call, is quite a prophetic character. After the experience of Hurricane Katrina his attitude toward the poor blacks of New Orleans seems entirely credible. Although Bingamton's minions behave like conspirators, they're not doing much more than energizing their power base within the white community. Except for a couple of smug slogans and its use of the American flag in its logo, we hear none of WUSA's on-air propaganda. We hear nothing inflammatory; Rheinhardt is never shown delivering a political speech on the air.

There is no visible liberal opposition to speak of. Newman's Rheinhardt is a cynical sell-out who doesn't care what WUSA is up to, so long as he gets his salary. The preacher is a fraud and Rheinhardt's pot-smoking neighbor Bogdonovich (Don Gordon) is apathetic and uninvolved. Geraldine despairs at Rheinhardt's lack of concern, but can do nothing. The overly emotional Rainey does find welfare cheats among the cases he interviews, which actually supports Bingamton's position. Rainey's nut job comes off as something a reactionary propagandist would invent to criticize Kennedy liberalism: he's a Peace Corps volunteer and a crazed assassin?

Director Stuart Rosenberg gives his actors space to perform but fails to bring WUSA to anything resembling a satisfying conclusion. The right-wing hate rally at the stadium is an inept re-run of the finish of John Frankenheimer's The Manchurian Candidate. Rheinhardt's hippie neighbors are allowed to entertain at the rally, an unexplained choice that makes little sense. Rheinhardt is about to speak when gunshots ring out, at which point the movie falls apart in confusion. Laurence Harvey's preacher advises Rheinhardt that the WUSA gang is finished and that they'd all best leave town. It makes more sense that the publicity from the attempted assassination would actually strengthen Bingamton's hand. Although the mounted police use the chaos to attack the protesting poor, the hapless Geraldine is inadvertently victimized because she's caught with somebody else's marijuana stash. The penalty for possession in Louisiana is ten to fifteen years in prison.

Critics of the time acknowledged WUSA's parallels to earlier political films like Frank Capra's Meet John Doe but blamed its failure on an aimless script and Rosenberg's limp direction. Many felt that Anthony Perkins had found his best role since Psycho, but Rainey comes off as an accumulation of tics and mannerisms. His character is too easily set up as a misguided martyr, beaten to death by Bingamton's mob of hateful whites. The film's passive-apocalyptic tone has more in common with Nathanael West's novella The Day of the Locust.

A committed anti-war protester, Paul Newman ranked high on President Nixon's "unfriendly" list. He and Joanne Woodward did their best to promote WUSA and are on record as complaining about Paramount's unenthusiastic support for the film. In at least one interview Newman hinted at political interference. But ten years later, his final verdict was that WUSA was "a film of incredible potential which the producer, the director and I loused up. We tried to make it political, and it wasn't." ¹